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Canadian and U.S. fighter jets to conduct “exercise flights” over “sparsely populated” Innu territories this week

By
Brent Patterson
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Photo by Bob Bartel of Elders outside a prison when Innu land defenders were being arrested for opposing fighter jets flying over their lands.

Yesterday, The Telegram reported: “People in the Lake Melville region may notice more military planes coming and going from 5 Wing Goose Bay in the coming week.”

The Innu name for “Lake Melville” is Atatshuinipeku.

The Department of National Defence (DND) media release states: “This air defence exercise provides us the opportunity to hone our skills as Canadian and U.S. forces operate together with our allies and partners in the Arctic.”

The Canadian military’s statement on this further notes: “[The] exercise flights will be conducted over sparsely populated Arctic areas and at high altitudes where the public is not likely to hear or see them.”

And yet Innu Elder Tshuakuesh Elizabeth Penashue stated years ago: “Canada sees our land as uninhabited land. It is inhabited by the Innu, and it is inhabited by wildlife. This is hunting territory, nomadic territory. It is not for war games.”

Earlier this summer, DND also announced it would be spending $2.3 million on “upgrades planned for the airfield at 5 Wing Goose Bay.”

In this fact sheet, the Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women (CRIAW) tells the story of the displacement of the Innu for this airfield.

CRIAW notes: “In the 1940s, a section of traditional Innu land was carved out of south central Labrador. The idea was to create an airbase for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) after World War II. Called Goose Bay, it soon became the largest airfield in the western hemisphere.”

“The local population, including Indigenous people, was not allowed to use or settle on land near the military base and landing strip.”

Years ago, Penashue stated: “In the 40 years that the military has been in Goose Bay, the Innu’s culture has collapsed. The use of our lands by others, without our being consulted, has caused stress in our family relationships and links to our family violence. The Innu did not welcome foreign domination. It happened against their will.”

She added: “Nitassinan is our land. We never gave it to them. How can they come in and take it and treat us as if we were not human beings, as if we were invisible?”

Beginning in the late 1980s, the Innu, led mainly by women, began defending their land against NATO low-level fight testing for the cruise missile. More than one hundred Innu land defenders and their supporters were arrested at re-occupations of the Goose Bay airfield and the Minipi Lake bombing range.

In October 1994, the Peace Brigades International-North America Project commented: “The training began without any prior consultation with the Innu.”

This recent news about NORAD exercises and upgrades to the airfield reminds us of the displacement of the Innu for this base, the non-violent resistance to NATO on Innu lands, and the impacts the militarization of territory has had on Innu lives.

Penashue tells the story of Innu resistance to militarism in her book Nitinikiau Innusi: I Keep the Land Alive published in May 2019. The children’s book Nutaui’s Cap, with text by Bob Bartel and artwork by Mary Ann Penashue, is a true account of a young Innu girl, Nanas, and how fighter jets disrupted her family’s traditional way of life.

Photo: Innu Elder Tshuakuesh Elizabeth Penashue and Peace Brigades International-North America Project activist Anne Harrison in 1995.

Canadian company’s operations in Colombia could be impacted by Swiss vote on responsible business on November 29

By
Brent Patterson
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Swiss citizens will soon be voting in a referendum on a popular initiative known as the Responsible Business Initiative. A survey conducted in May shows that 78 per cent of eligible voters would vote in favour of this initiative.

How might this relate to a Canadian company?

As noted on page 33 of this Toronto-based Frontera Energy Corporation report, Frontera Energy Colombia AG (Switzerland), based in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, “holds the Company’s interest in its main operational Colombian branch.”

Concerns about the Frontera’s responsibility for social and environmental harms in San Luis de Palenque, Casanare, along with the criminalization of eight social leaders who protested against the company, were noted in this report by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders.

The Swiss digital financial news platform Allnews recently reported: “[The initiative], put to the vote on November 29, aims to ensure that large Swiss groups respect human rights and the environment abroad. It would give anyone who has suffered damage by a multinational headquartered in Switzerland the opportunity to seek compensation from the Swiss jurisdiction.”

And NZZamSonntag adds: “The proponents are currently ahead. The initiative committee made up of aid agencies and human rights organizations has been mobilizing its supporters for months. More than 60,000 people have ordered one of the orange flags that are now hanging on windows and facades in towns and villages.”

Solidar Suisse further explains: “Under the Responsible Business Initiative, Swiss based companies will be legally obliged to incorporate respect for human rights and the environment in all their business activities. This mandatory due diligence will also be applied to Swiss based companies’ activities abroad.”

“The mandatory due diligence instrument is based on the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.”

“According to these principles, companies must first review all their business relationships and activities with a view to identifying potential risks to people and the environment. They must then take effective measures to address the potentially negative impacts identified. As a third step, companies are required to report in a transparent manner on the violations identified, as well as on the related measures taken.”

“Although these provisions already exist in international soft law, they lack enforcement mechanisms to facilitate effective implementation. The UN leaves it to its member states to fill the existing gaps at national level.”

Solidar Suisse adds: “The Responsible Business Initiative translates this obligation in Swiss law, renders the international due diligence mandatory and broadens the scope of mandatory due diligence by including the protection of the environment.”

Peace Brigades International is a supporting member organization of the Swiss Coalition for Corporate Justice which is backing the Responsible Business Initiative.

Export Development Canada finances Calgary-based Parex Resources in Colombia

By
Brent Patterson
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Earlier this month, Peace Brigades International signed this letter that highlights: “The activities of [public development banks] have repeatedly exacerbated poverty, widened inequalities and fuelled human rights violations (such as reprisals, land grabbing and forced evictions) without access to any useful remedies for affected communities.”

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet has further commented: “We call on leaders and governments to recognise that climate change and environmental degradation severely undermine the human rights of their people, particularly those in vulnerable situations – including the generations of tomorrow.”

Despite the climate crisis and its related human rights implications, Export Development Canada (EDC), the Government of Canada’s export credit agency, provides on average nearly fourteen billion dollars in support to oil and gas companies each year.

For instance, EDC has provided financing and support to Calgary-based Parex Resources Inc. in Colombia including: $50-100 million (27-05-2019): $50-100 million (22-02-2019); and $25-50 million (07-05-2018).

This despite concerns raised by the Yariguíes Regional Corporation Group of Extractive, Environmental and Social Studies of Magdalena Medio (CRY-GEAM) has raised about the Aguas Blancas oil field operated by Parex in the municipality of Simacota, Santander in northeastern Colombia.

In January 2017, CRY-GEAM posted this video on Facebook noting concerns about the absence of needed environmental documents and in April 2017 this photo of a truck on Facebook with concerns about runoff into the Colorada River.

In April 2017, CRY-GEAM also posted this video on Twitter with the text: “Parex in Simacota, Campo Aguas Blancas, without archaeological management plan, without environmental permit, above the law and communities. Who responds?”

Beyond the concerns expressed about Parex and Aguas Blancas, Reuters reported in March 2019: “At least five companies are interested in six fracking blocs in Colombia…” In that article, Colombian Mines and Energy Minister Maria Fernanda Suarez named Parex as one of the companies interested in the fracking blocs.

Additionally, Claudio Ramirez, the senior trade commissioner for Global Affairs Canada in Bogota, highlighted in this EDC blog: “Colombian resources are depleting fast, so there’s a push to increase exploration through the auction of new blocks. Technologies related to oil recovery and mature fields are much sought after, as well as in the development of unconventional resources, like fracking and deep-water exploration.”

Colombian human rights defenders have expressed concern about the social and environmental harms, as well as the political repression, that can be expected should these fracking pilot projects proceed as planned in 2021.

The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) outlines state and corporate responsibilities to protect human rights.

The UN’s Guiding Principles include: “In order to identify, prevent, mitigate and account for how they address their adverse human rights impacts, business enterprises should carry out human rights due diligence. The process should include assessing actual and potential human rights impacts, integrating and acting upon the findings, tracking responses, and communicating how impacts are addressed.”

It is unclear how Parex understands their responsibilities under the UN’s Guiding Principles in relation to the fracking pilot projects in Colombia.

In advance of the Finance in Common summit this coming November 10-12, PBI-Canada affirms this call for EDC to end its financing of the extraction of fossil fuels and to deny support to any corporation with a record of human rights violations.

PBI-Colombia accompanied CAJAR, FCSPP and CJL contribute to “The misrule of the apprentice” report on Duque presidency

By
Brent Patterson
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Earlier this month 500 social organizations in Colombia released a 442-page report on the first two years of the presidency of Ivan Duque titled: The misrule of the apprentice – Authoritarianism, war and pandemic.

The full report (in Spanish) can be accessed through the website of the PBI-Colombia accompanied Inter-Church Justice and Peace Commission here.

Five chapters are written by PBI-Colombia organizations:

-The consolidation of corporate governance by the “José Alvear Restrepo” Lawyers Collective (CAJAR), page 33

-The Colombian state and paramilitarism. The Background of Insufficient Strategies to face it by the Foundation Committee in Solidarity with Political Prisoners (FCSPP), page 50

-Public policies with a focus on human rights co-authored by CAJAR, page 197

-Persistence of the prison crisis by FCSPP, page 259

–Antioquia 2018 – 2020. For their work, they are persecuted by the Corporation for Judicial Freedom (CJL), page 354

The report concludes:

“The government’s failure to comply with the commitment to implement the Agreement for ending the conflict and building a stable and lasting peace, signed in 2016, can explain many of the serious problems that have flared up and deepened in the country: violence, with an accentuated expression in massacres; inequity, poverty, serious risk of the balance of powers, fiscal management, deforestation or setbacks in rights such as to peace, life, freedom, non-discrimination, health, education, food, access to water, and more.”

And the section titled “Achieve effective guarantees for defenders” (on pages 421 to 424) in the conclusion also notes:

“[The Duque administration] seeks, in different areas, to impose a state of fear to prevent the collective act to improve their living conditions. This is observed with the increase in repressive violence, the murder of women leaders and social leaders, the increasing powers of the military and police forces to contain, through their aggressions, nonconformity and social protest and with the appeal to illegal and extra-institutional methods (illegal espionage, executions extrajudicial, favoring paramilitarism).”

The Colombia Reports article on the report notes: “Duque’s complacency with the paramilitary terror that allegedly has killed more than 200 human rights defenders and community leaders this year alone was in stark contrast with his brutal crackdown of peaceful anti-government protests last year, the report said.”

The full report can also be found in two parts by clicking here.

PBI-Colombia accompanies ACVC-RAN at workshops with rice farmers in the Cimitarra River Valley Campesino Reserve Zone

By
Brent Patterson
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On September 17, the Peace Brigades International-Colombia Projected tweeted: “This weekend PBI accompanied in the municipality of San Pablo, south of Bolívar, @ACVCRAN who conducted workshops with rice farmers in the framework of the project ‘Defense of the territory and human rights in the Peasant Reserve Zone of the Cimitarra River Valley’.”

ACVC-RAN refers to the Campesina Association of the Cimitarra River Valley – National Agroecological Network.

PBI-Colombia has previously noted: “PBI accompanies the ACVC who focus their work on the Campesino Reserve Zones (ZRC) and sustainable development, the development of agricultural projects in areas of education and health.”

The ACVC’s economic development projects, designed to guarantee food security for the peasant farmer population in the valley, includes small-scale rice farming, as well as sugar cane production.

PBI-Colombia has also explained: “The Campesino Reserve Zones are an example of community-driven resistance [that] promote food security and sustainable agriculture, challenging the economic model based on the extraction of natural resources and large-scale land exploitation through agribusiness.”

PBI-Colombia has also noted: “The hydrocarbon industry has played a fundamental role in the economic activity of the [Cimitarra River Valley] region, generating approximately 70% of the total economic value produced there.”

Further to that point, International Action for Peace has noted: “There was talk [at the Festival for Culture and Peasant Dignity in Puerto Nuevo Ité that was hosted by ACVC-RAN in 2018] about the problem of fracking and the threat of this activity in the Serranía de San Lucas and the wetlands of the Magdalena Medio.”

PBI-Colombia has accompanied the ACVC since 2007 and has since expanded its accompaniment emphasizing political advocacy to raise awareness about the problems faces by the organization and the region in which they carry out their work.

Judge orders the release of social leaders criminalized in relation to protests against Toronto-based Frontera Energy

By
Brent Patterson
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On September 16, El Nuevo Oriente reported on the eight social leaders from San Luis de Palenque, Casanare, Colombia arrested on November 27, 2018 in relation to their opposition to the social and environmental harms caused to their community by Toronto-based Frontera Energy and its Cubiro Block operations.

The article highlights: “Due to expiration of terms when more than 500 days have elapsed without a formal trial having been installed, a guarantee control judge ordered the release of the eight social leaders prosecuted in the middle of a lawsuit by the oil company Frontera Energy in San Luis de Palenque (Casanare).”

The article also notes: “The release decision was appealed by the Prosecutor’s Office and by Frontera Energy’s lawyers.”

The community struggle has been accompanied by two organizations: the Committee in Solidarity with Political Prisoners (CSPP) and the Social Corporation for Community Advisory and Training Services (COSPACC).

In response to the news yesterday, the CSPP tweeted: “We celebrate the freedom of environmental leaders from San Luis de Palenque, Casanare, who were captured after protesting against the Canadian company Frontera Energy. Once again we show that being a social leader is not a crime.”

And PBI-Colombia tweeted: “Thanks to the essential work of our accompanied organizations @CSPP_ and @CospaccOficial that makes visible the serious risk of defenders of the territory and the environment in #Colombia.”

On September 17, Prensa Libre Casanare additionally reported: “The release orders are to be carried out immediately because they were issued for Ferney Salcedo, confined in the La Picota prison in Bogotá, Jesús Leal Salcedo, Yulibel Leal Oros, María Teresa Rincón Duarte, Jerónimo Salcedo Betancur and Josué Eliécer Rincón Duarte.”

Carmen Idaida Salcedo and Miguel Ángel Rincón Santiesteban had already regained their freedom on August 10 (as noted below).

Prensa Libre Casanare also notes: “The process continues and the preparatory hearing against the community leaders, indicated for the crimes of conspiracy to commit a crime, blocking of roads, attempted homicide and terrorism is pending.”

Background

Frontera’s operations are said to have resulted in dust pollution from heavy trucks on the road; post-production water being sprayed on the road to contain the dust; the dumping of post-production water into the Pauto River; water-takings from the river; and the burning of gases associated with the extraction of these barrels of oil.

Last year, Michel Forst, at that time the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, noted in this report to the UN Human Rights Council (on page 9, points 29 and 30): “Social protests [took place] between 2016 and 2018 in response to the failure of Canadian public company Frontera Energy to fulfil its obligation to compensate communities affected by environmental damage and to repair damaged roads.”

Violeta Stereo FM Casanare adds: “According to the peasants and social leaders, the protests at the time sought to make visible the breach of the environmental license and the other agreements signed between the multinational and the community.”

Significantly, Forst also highlighted that Frontera signed two agreements on November 16 and 19, 2018 with the Colombian Ministry of Defence totalling US$1.3 million to provide protection for the company and that just days later, on November 27, 2018, the army and police launched a massive operation and arrested the activists.

Most recently, on August 10, COSPACC tweeted: “The 2nd Municipal Criminal Court [has] revoked the custodial arrest measure imposed on 2 of the 8 leaders prosecuted in the case of #SanLuisdePalenque. We demand the freedom of social leaders.”

The following day, Prensa Libre Casanare reported: “After 20 months of being deprived of liberty, with the measure of house for jail, the judicial decision favored the engineer Miguel Ángel Rincón Santiesteban and Carmen Iraida Salcedo Gutiérrez.”

Peace Brigades International has accompanied this struggle and continues to monitor this situation closely.

“PBI was my university” – Rusa Jeremic reflects on her time as a PBI volunteer in Guatemala

By
Brent Patterson
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As Peace Brigades International approaches its 40th anniversary in 2021, we are sharing the reflections of past volunteers from Canada who accompanied at-risk defenders in various PBI project countries over the years.

We begin with Rusa Jeremic, a Toronto resident who volunteered in Guatemala in 1989-90 and then again in 1994.

Rusa tells us: “PBI was my university. As a volunteer, I had the tremendous honour to walk alongside so many courageous Guatemalans risking their lives for social change during a very turbulent and violent time. We lost friends and because PBI’s accompaniment work is effective, we were also threatened. I gained perspectives on structural violence and mostly watched in awe the perseverance of folks challenging oppressive power and demanding justice. Their resilience, their power. These are the lessons I carry with me to this day.”

Rusa was also able to share two photos with us.

The first photo (above) is of Rusa with Rigoberta Menchu at Friends House in Toronto when Rigoberta visited Canada in 1990-91.

The second photo (below) is of Rusa (on the right) and Maria (a PBI volunteer from Spain) receiving an award on behalf of PBI from GRUFEPROMEFAM (a women’s organization in Guatemala) in December 1989.

Please consider making an online donation to PBI-Canada to help us with our continuing outreach efforts to find volunteers to accompany defenders. Accompaniment continues to be critically needed in helping to make space for peace.

PBI speaks at the Human Rights Council in Geneva on the human rights implications of the COVID-19 pandemic

By
Brent Patterson
-

On September 15, Kim-Mai Vu of Peace Brigades International presented a statement during the interactive dialogue with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet on the impact of COVID-19 during the Human Rights Council session.

The full statement by Kim-Mai notes:

“Peace Brigades International welcomes the update from the High Commissioner.

The COVID 19 pandemic has exacerbated inequities and structural problems of violence, corruption, impunity that historically affect the countries in which we work: Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Kenya and Indonesia.

The expansion of the pandemic in these countries has led to government measures that violate and threaten the enjoyment of fundamental rights, including economic measures that have privileged the interests of the private sector at the expense of the rights of peasant peoples and indigenous peoples, as in the case of the Mayan Train and the Trans-isthmic Corridor in Mexico.

PBI fears a strong escalation of conflict in rural areas, as observed in Colombia with the increase disproportionate number of cases of massacres.

PBI also expresses its concern about the extreme vulnerability of defenders of human rights that have assumed a leading role in the management of this crisis.

We denounce the sharp increase in attacks against them and the impunity enjoyed by their perpetrators in all the countries where PBI works. We regret the closure of spaces that has led to the pandemic for defenders, their movements and communities with a strong restriction of the right to defend rights.

We also note the sharp increase in gender-based violence in Kenya, the serious attacks against freedom of expression of journalists, community radio stations and health personnel in Honduras and the recurrence of digital attacks in Indonesia.

PBI is also alerted to cases of corruption and the growing breakdown of the rule of law of certain countries, such as Guatemala, and attacks against the independence of justice such as Colombia, processes that have been exacerbated during the pandemic. The critical situation of Nicaraguan people exiled in Costa Rica who cannot return to their country.

It is imperative that the governments of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Kenya and Indonesia take immediate steps to protect defenders, prevent attacks and smear campaigns against them and include them as central actors in the management and crisis recovery strategies.”

The 90-second video of Kim-Mai’s presentation of a condensed version of this statement can be watched here (item 24 starting at 37:46).

PBI-Colombia accompanies Daniel Prado, Justice and Peace Commission lawyer in the trial of Santiago Uribe Velez

By
Brent Patterson
-

The Peace Brigades International-Colombia Project accompanies Daniel Prado, associate lawyer with the Inter-Church Justice and Peace Commission.

Prado is representing the family of Camilo Barrientos who was allegedly murdered by the Twelves Apostles, a paramilitary group that Santiago Uribe Velez, the brother of former president Alvaro Uribe Velez, is accused of creating and bankrolling.

Background – Álvaro Uribe to testify about three massacres

On August 24, the Associated Press reported: “Colombia’s Supreme Court is calling on powerful former President Álvaro Uribe to testify in an investigation into three massacres [in La Granja, El Aro, and San Roque in the late 1990s] that could once and for all establish whether he had any ties to violent paramilitary groups.”

“In his decision, Magistrate César Reyes asks for Uribe and several ex-paramilitaries to appear before the court in September and requests a wide scope of documents containing previous court testimony, official records and personnel files aimed at clarifying the circumstances around three massacres.”

Investigation into Álvaro Uribe’s involvement in witness tampering

The Associated Press adds: “The new legal quandary for Uribe is potentially more damaging than a separate Supreme Court probe into possible witness tampering that sparked protests earlier this month after magistrates placed the ex-president on house arrest.”

In terms of that probe, Bloomberg explains: “The investigation began after people linked to Uribe were recorded apparently trying to pressure a jailed former member of a death squad into changing his testimony. The witness, Juan Guillermo Monsalve, said Uribe and his brother Santiago Uribe were involved in setting up an illegal militia in the 1990s.”

Earlier this month, the Associated Press reported that the Supreme Court has handed the investigation into witness tampering to the chief prosecutor who Senator Iván Cepeda says has a “close relationship” with both President Ivan Duque and ex-President Uribe.

Santiago Uribe’s trial re: the Twelve Apostles paramilitary

Telesur has previously reported: “Santiago Uribe Velez has been accused of creating and bankrolling the paramilitary group known as the 12 Apostles when his brother, Alvaro, was a senator representing the northwestern department of Antioquia.”

This week, PBI-Colombia posted this article that notes: “Currently Prado is known in the press as the legal representative for the family of Camilo Barrientos, a ‘chiva’ [a truck used for public transportation in rural areas] driver who was allegedly murdered by members of the ‘Twelve Apostles’ in 1994.”

“The ‘Twelve Apostles’ are tied to the murder of 509 victims, emphasizes Prado. However, this case is limited to the murder of driver Barrientos and Santiago Uribe’s alleged relationship with the paramilitary group.”

PBI-Colombia adds: “The court case is on the verge of concluding; the final arguments from Santiago Uribe Vélez’s defense lawyer are still pending.”

How the investigations into Alvaro Uribe and the trial of Santiago Uribe are connected

In this 5-minute video, PBI-Colombia asks Prado: “How is this case related to the case of ex-president Alvaro Uribe Velez?”

Prado responds: “The case against Alvaro Uribe Velez is related, in one way or another, to the case of Santiago Uribe Velez because [Alvaro Uribe’s] activities to bribe witnesses and commit procedural fraud were, at some point, related to the case of Santiago Uribe Velez and we believe that the families we represent are victims of activities carried out by Mr. Alvaro Uribe Velez.”

Prado also notes: “I think the fact that [Alvaro Uribe’s] brother [Santiago Uribe] was detained led him to a point of desperation, so he committed the errors he committed, and now he is being tried, we are waiting to see if we will be allowed to be included as victims, and from there we will continue the fight.”

To read the PBI-Colombia article and to watch the 5-minute video of the interview with Daniel Prado, please click here.

PBI-Canada speaks on the accompaniment of defenders at the London Regional Social Forum

By
Brent Patterson
-

Peace Brigades International-Canada was honoured to participate in the London Regional Social Forum this past Saturday September 12.

Their promotion had noted:

“Join us on the second weekend of September for our activist community-building virtual event. Our many experienced speakers will guide us through informative lectures and practical workshops, on topics ranging from effective struggle against privatization and austerity politics to mental health activism and Indigenous communities’ defense of biodiversity.”

Our presentation was titled: Accompanying the frontline struggles for climate justice.

We noted that:

Between the signing of the Paris climate agreement in December 2015 and the end of last year, 783 land and environmental rights defenders have been murdered.

That means, on average, about 4 defenders have been killed each week since that climate agreement was signed.

More than 30 per cent of the fatal attacks against land and environmental defenders over the past 5 years have been against Indigenous defenders (even though Indigenous peoples make up 5 per cent of the world’s population).

The struggles of land and environmental rights defenders includes opposition to extractivist megaprojects including oil and gas projects, fracking, pipelines, hydroelectric dams, transmission lines, deforestation, major mining projects, and monoculture and agribusiness. It can also include the fight against transnational driven wind power and solar megaprojects that lack free, prior and informed consent of Indigenous communities.

We then profiled and shared the stories of some of the land and environmental defenders PBI accompanies in Colombia, Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico.

And we ended our presentation listing the ways people can help defend these defenders, which includes:

– volunteering to accompany defenders through one of our field projects (we post openings for these placements in our e-newsletter, website and social media accounts);

– amplifying the stories of the defenders that we post on Twitter and Facebook;

– subscribing to our Emergency Response Network and e-newsletter;

– participating in PBI webinars (we are working with other PBI entities on a webinar on police violence this coming October).

Thank you once again to the London Regional Social Forum for the opportunity to virtually participate in their gathering via Zoom.

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